Method for Driving LED

ABSTRACT

Method and means for driving one or more LEDs. The method includes turning a power switch on to provide current through an inductor and the power switch, measuring voltseconds of the LEDs at a cycle time, comparing the measured voltseconds to a reference signal at an end of the cycle time, generating a signed discrete logical signal based on a difference between the measured voltseconds and the reference signal, and generating a control signal using the signed discrete logical signal to regulate a peak current through the power switch by keeping the cycle time voltseconds substantially constant. The reference signal may be proportional to a set average LED voltage.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 14/267,873, filedMay 1, 2014, which is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 13/942,664, filed Jul.15, 2013, which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/558,237, filed Jul. 25, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,487,548, which is adivision of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/497,682, filed Jul. 5,2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,232,735, which is a division of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/838,186, filed Aug. 13, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No.7,583,035, which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/142,859, filed May 31, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,276,861, whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/611,539, filedSep. 21, 2004. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/497,682, filed Jul.5, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,232,735, is also a division of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/838,208, filed Aug. 13, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No.7,710,047, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/142,859, filed May 31, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,276,861, whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/611,539, filedSep. 21, 2004. Each of the disclosures of said applications areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Known in the industry are a few drivers for light emitting diodes(“LEDs”), like charge pumps with the multi-output current mirror fromNational Semiconductor. These drivers cannot economically boost inputvoltage more than 1.5 to 2 times and therefore call for parallelcircuits for identical driving of multiple LEDs. That makes thesedrivers large and expensive. Also desired in this case is a linearcurrent regulator in each channel which compromises the efficiency of anLED driver.

Also known is an inductor based boost converter, like LT 1932 fromLinear TechnologyTM or NTC5006 from On-SemiconductorTM. The mostfrequently used topology is a current mode regulator with the rampcompensation of PWM circuit. Such a current mode regulator needsrelatively many functional circuits and still exhibit stability problemswhen it is used in the continuous current mode with the duty ratio over50%. As an attempt to solve these problems, the designers introducedconstant off time boost converter or hysteric pulse train booster. Whilethey addressed the problem of stability, hysteretic pulse trainconverters exhibit difficulties with meeting EMC and high efficiencyrequirements.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,515,434 and 6,747,420 provide some solutions outsideoriginal power converter stages, focusing on additional feedbacks andcircuits, which eventually make the driver even larger.

To overcome the problems listed above, a process and system is disclosedfor controlling a switching power converter, constructed and arrangedfor supplying power to one or a plurality of LEDs to reduce the size andcost of LED driver. Also disclosed is a controller which is stableregardless of the current through the LED. Further disclosed is a highefficiency LED driver with a reliable protection of driver componentsand input battery from discharging at the damaged output.

SUMMARY

An LED, having a diode-type volt amp characteristic, presents a verydifficult load for voltage type regulators. That is why all up to dateLED drivers are constructed as a regulated current source, including thereferenced prior art in FIG. 1. The current regulator in FIG. 1 includesa feedback signal, which is created as a voltage signal proportional tothe average LED current. In practically all switching LED drivers,current through an LED is a stream of high frequency pulses, and theabove-described feedback introduces phase delays, makes for poor dynamicresponse, and prevents a regulator from acting within one switchingcycle.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The teachings of the present disclosure can be readily understood byconsidering the following detailed description in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a prior art current regulator according to U.S. Pat. No.6,747,420 B2;

FIG. 2 is a system for driving one or a plurality of LEDs;

FIG. 3 is a step up converter for driving one or a plurality of LEDs;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating current waveforms of a switchingconverter according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a regulator with an integrator according toan embodiment of the invention at constant switching frequency;

FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a regulator with an integrator accordingto an embodiment of the invention at a variable switching frequency;

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating signal waveforms in a regulator with anintegrator;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of a nonlinear control voltage dependent on thecurrent error Iset-Is;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a regulator with an integrator according toanother embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a regulator according to the sliding modecontrol of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating an algorithm of the sliding modecontrol of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9B is a block diagram of a regulator according to a sliding modecontrol with a passive LED current filter;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a sliding mode control regulator accordingto another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a PI regulator with Ipset output accordingto the present disclosure;

FIG. 11A is a block diagram of a PI regulator with Ton output accordingto the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating signal waveforms of an errorgenerator;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a power converter with protection againsta short circuit;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a power converter with protection againsta short circuit and overvoltage; and

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a power converter driving strings of R-G-BLEDs with current regulators.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below withreference to the accompanying drawings. Like reference numerals are usedfor like elements in the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 2 is a system 1 for driving one or a plurality of LEDs, accordingto one embodiment of the present disclosure. The system 1 includes anenergy source 2 and a switching power converter 3 driving a string ofLEDs 4. The performance of the LEDs is measured by electrical andthermal sensors (not shown separately from LEDs 4) and a photosensor 5.These sensors generate electrical, thermal, and optical feedbackchannels coupled with a regulator 6 controlling the output of the powerconverter 3. The regulator 6, according to one embodiment of the presentdisclosure, can have as a minimum a single electrical feedback. Yet, itmay use additional thermal and optical feedback channels for enhancedperformance, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.The energy source 2 is an AC/DC converter, connected to the AC utilityline (not shown) in one embodiment of the present disclosure. The energysource 2 is a DC/DC converter connected to any DC voltage source (notshown) according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. Yet inanother embodiment of the present disclosure the energy source 2 is abattery, which may be of a variety of technologies (like solar panels orelectrical rechargeable or non-rechargeable batteries of varieties ofchemistries). The regulator 6 is constructed as analog, mixed signal, ordigital functional block according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure. A fixed high-frequency oscillator (not shown) is supplying aclock signal to the regulator 6.

The power converter in FIG. 2 is a step up (if the source voltage shouldbe boosted) or a step down (if the source voltage should be decreased)switching converter, such as inductor-based boost, or buck boosttopology according to the embodiments of the disclosure. FIG. 3 is asystem 1 with a boost power converter 3 comprising a battery 2, inductor7, a semiconductor power switch 8, a rectifier 9, regulator 6, an Ippeak current sensor 13, an LEDs current sensor 10, a voltage sensor 11and 12, a string of LEDs 4, and an oscillator 30, according to oneembodiment of the present disclosure. The performance of the boostconverter 3 is illustrated by FIG. 4. The power switch 8 is turned onand off by the regulator 6, storing energy in the inductor 7 at on timeand discharging it into the LEDs 4 at off time. Current in the inductor7 is shown in FIG. 4 as continuous. However it may also bediscontinuous, depending on the mode of operations (not shown). Thecurrent through LEDs 4 is marked as Is and represents a stream ofhigh-frequency pulses, shaped during off time of the converter 3. Whenthe power switch 8 is closed, energy is stored in the inductor 7. Theinductor current increases to a value of IP1, that is determined by theon time of the power switch, the inductor value and battery voltage.When the power switch 8 is open, the energy in the inductor 7 isdelivered to the load. The inductor current during this time decreasesto a value of I_(P2), which is dependent on the off time of the powerswitch. Assuming ideal components, the relationship between inputvoltage and other parameters can be defined by the following equation:

V _(IN) =L(I _(P1) −I _(P2))/T _(ON),  (1)

Where:

-   -   1. V_(IN)=DC input voltage,    -   2. I_(P1)=peak current in the inductor at the end of charging,    -   3. I_(P2)=peak current in the inductor at the beginning of the        inductor charging,    -   4. T_(ON)=on time, and    -   5. L=inductance.

When the power switch 8 is open, the inductor 7 discharges energy intothe output load. The output voltage is defined by the followingequation:

−V _(IN) +V _(OUT) =L(I _(P1) −I _(P2))/T _(OFF),  (2)

where:

-   -   V_(OUT)=DC output voltage, and    -   T_(OFF)=off time.        Assuming average LEDs current:

I _(AVG) −V _(OUT) /R _(D)  (3)

-   -   RD=equivalent DC resistance of the LEDs is assumed to be known.

I _(AVG)=(I _(P1) +I _(P2))T _(OFF)/2(T _(ON) +T _(OFF))  (4)

and assuming a steady process,

V _(IN) *T _(ON)=(−V _(IN) +I _(AVG) *R _(D))*T _(OFF)  (5)

The on time can be determined by the following equation:

T _(ON)=(−V _(IN) +I _(AVG) *R _(D))*T _(OFF) /V _(IN)  (6)

The frequency of the output is equivalent to:

f=1/(T _(ON) +T _(OFF))  (7)

Solving equations (1) through (6),

I _(P1)=(V _(OUT) −V _(IN))T _(OFF)/2L+I _(AVG)(V _(OUT) /V _(IN))  (8)

I _(P2)=(V _(OUT) −V _(IN))T _(OFF)/2L−I _(AVG)(V _(OUT) /V _(IN))  (9)

FIG. 5 is a regulator 6, according to one embodiment of the presentdisclosure, and comprising input to LEDs current feedback Is (or voltageVs), an integrator 14 with a reset switch 15, an LEDs current comparator16, digital logic 17, an A/D converter 18, an Ip peak current comparator19, and a buffer 20 driving the power switch 8. The followingtheoretical analysis represents a synthesis of the process of driving ofa nonlinear load (like a single or multiple strings of LEDs) from acurrent source, regulating averaged current or voltage at the load. FIG.6 illustrates the LEDs 4 current and the inductor 7 current. Theintegrator 14 integrates LED 4 current signal, shown as a waveform forintegrator 14 in FIG. 6. The integral of the LEDs 4 current during theoff time:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{{\int_{0}^{T_{off}}I_{sdt}} = {\int_{0}^{T_{off}}{\left( {I_{P\; 1} - {\left( {I_{P\; 1} - I_{P\; 2}} \right)\frac{t}{T_{off}}}} \right)\ {t}}}}\ } \\{= {\left( {I_{P\; 1} - I_{P\; 2}} \right)\frac{T_{off}}{2}}}\end{matrix} & (10)\end{matrix}$

According to the waveform for LEDs 4 in FIG. 6 the average LEDs currentis equal to:

$\begin{matrix}{I_{avg} = {\left( {I_{P\; 1} + I_{P\; 2}} \right)\frac{T_{off}}{2\; T}}} & (11)\end{matrix}$

-   -   T=cycle time

Comparing I_(avg) in equation (11) and integral (10) we can make aconclusion that the integral (10) would be (a) proportional to theaverage LEDs current if cycle time T is constant and (b) equal to theaverage LEDs current if the integrated value is divided by cycle time T.In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the process of driving LEDswith the constant switching frequency is based on steps of storingenergy in the inductor during on time of the power switch, dischargingit into LEDs during off time of the power switch, measuring ampsecondsof said inductive element at off time and adjusting peak current throughthe said switch to keep said off time ampseconds in the inductor duringoff time constant and proportional to the set average current throughLEDs. Thus, the disclosure is using generation of the off timeampseconds signal in the inductor as one switching cycle feedback. Theampseconds are measured by integrating discharging inductor 7 currentduring off time, sampling the integrator 14 at the end of off time, andresetting the integrator 14 during on time.

Expression (10) is a theoretical interpretation of the method. To keepLED brightness constant at constant frequency, the input voltage changesare compensated in such a manner that the inductor off time ampsecondsand average current of the LED remains constant (or regulated). Themethod is illustrated on FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. The integrator 14 startsintegrating the LED current at the beginning of off time. At the end ofthe cycle the digital logic 17 samples the output of the integrator 14.At the same time the power switch 8 is turned on. Sampled voltage (V₁₄)from integrator 14 is compared with the I_(set) signal. If V₁₄<I_(set)then logic adds a ΔV_(c) signal to the switch comparator 19 referencevoltage V_(c)=V_(c)+ΔV_(c). When Ip reaches its set value by V_(c) thecomparator 19 turns off the power switch. If V₁₄>I_(set) thenV_(c)=V_(c)−ΔV_(c) and new peak current will be reduced. During on timethe output of the integrator 14 is shorted by the reset switch 15. Inone embodiment of the disclosure, updating of the control voltage Vc islinear:

I _(set) =V ₁₄ V _(c)(n+1)=V _(cn)

I _(set) >V ₁₄ V _(c)(n+1)=V _(c) −ΔV _(c)

I _(set) <V ₁₄ V _(c)(n+1)=V _(cn) T+ΔV _(c)

Thus regulator 6 in FIG. 5 provides hysteretic current mode control ofLED current with a dynamic response within one switching cycle. Innormal conditions, the output current will be hysteretically adjusted atthe set level. That makes the controller inherently stable and does notrequire compensation. At transient (change of V_(in), temperature or LEDperformance, including shorted or open device) the controller willadjust primary peak current to have LED current equal to I_(set).

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, the control voltageΔV_(c) is adjusted based on function presented in FIG. 7, inverselyproportional to a difference between set and measured signals.

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, shown in FIG. 5A,the off time is kept constant by digital logic 17 and cycle time isvariable, defined by the controller (regulator) 6. In this embodiment, adivider by cycle time 14A is added to the output of integrator 14, andthe output of the divider 14A is connected to the positive terminal ofLED comparator 16.

Different combinations of the circuits may be used to drive one ormultiple of LEDs according to said method. A digital implementation ofthe same regulator 6 is shown on FIG. 8, where 21 is a digital logic,combining various functional blocks of FIG. 5.

Traditionally, in peak current mode control regulation, a user specifiesa reference current, and then the power switch switches off when theinductor current rises to this reference current (minus an appropriateslope compensation to maintain global stability). However, in pulsedcurrent averaging, we propose to regulate differently: we propose todirectly regulate the length of power switch on time (T_(on)) in orderto create the desired peak value I_(p). We then relate this peak valueto the load output current's average value. Hence, load currentregulation becomes possible. Since LEDs call for current regulationinstead of voltage regulation, this makes pulsed current averaging aprime candidate for its application. Our goal is now to relate thecontrol variable T_(on) to the output current through the load. Peakcurrent in the inductor, assuming discontinuous operation:

$\begin{matrix}{I_{P} = \frac{V_{in}T_{on}}{L}} & (12)\end{matrix}$

-   -   6. I_(p)=Peak current in the inductor 7, and    -   7. V_(in)=Input voltage.        Average current in the load:

$\begin{matrix}{I_{av} = \frac{I_{P}T_{off}}{2\; T}} & (13)\end{matrix}$

Volt second balance of the inductor:

V _(in) *T _(on)=(V _(out) −V _(in))T _(off),  (14)

where:

-   -   V_(out)=Output average voltage.        Combining equations (12) to (14) and solving it to T_(on) will        get dependence of average current from the variable T_(on):

$\begin{matrix}{I_{av} = {T_{on}\frac{V_{in}^{2}}{2\; L\; V_{out}}}} & (15)\end{matrix}$

The conclusion of this simplified analysis is that the on time of thepower switch is proportional to the output current. Thus, by adjustingTon, the output current through the load will be changed in a linearrelation. Notice, also, that the output current is inverselyproportional to the output voltage in this relation. Therefore, insystems in which output voltage may quickly deviate from a desiredvalue, this method may need to utilize advanced nonlinear controllersfor regulation. This has compelled researchers to utilizemultiplications in controllers to adjust Ton. That is, an inner currentloop in power factor correction circuits often makes T_(on)∝kV_(OUT)^((I) ^(Ref) ^(-I) ^(L) ⁾. This is obviously a more complicated andnonlinear controller because it uses digital multiplication, as well asan additional outer voltage loop (usually PI controller) to helpregulate the voltage.

Instead of a complicated approach to control, we propose to use therelation of T_(on) to L_(av) in a hysteretic/sliding mode scheme thatsimplifies implementations and may not use external A/D converters. Theidea is to increase or decrease T_(on) by discrete pulses in order tocontrol the average current being delivered to a load: hence, theterminology pulse average current control. Conventional methods forcontrolling the current output of commercially available integratedcircuits for LEDs drivers uses a combination of analog operationalamplifiers and compensation ramp generators. We have come up with adigital control approach to controlling output currents that does notuse these additional parts. This is not a DSP engine with softwareoverhead; this is an optimized digital core that uses a sliding controlalgorithm to determine the amount of power to transfer to the outputusing a boundary/sliding mode control criteria.

To demonstrate the proposed regulation approach according to oneembodiment of the disclosure and show its potential, we describe thepulsed average current regulation using a simple hysteretic controller.The pulse average current regulation comprises the following steps, seeFIG. 3 and FIG. 9: oscillator turns on switch 8, and current startsbuilding in the inductor 7; at the same time Time, registerT_(on)+/−Δt_(on) is set with the count of time T_(on), when t=T_(on)switch 8 is turned off;

Inductor 7 starts to discharge (it is assumed that the conversionprocess is discontinuous);

LED current is sensed and integrated by integrator 14 for a period ofoff time T_(off);

the integrated value is sampled by digital logic 25 at the end of cycletime and integrator 14 is reset by switch 15;

sampled integrated value is divided in divider 14A by cycle time T andit is compared with the set value of the LED current Iset

-   -   If I_(s)<I_(set) The controller selects to change T_(on) by        +Δt_(on)    -   If I_(s)>I_(set) The controller selects to change T_(on) by        −Δt_(a)    -   on time in the Time register 25A is adjusted by +Δt_(on) or        −Δt_(on); and new cycle starts.

If the system detects more than two consecutive cycles with the samesign of Δt_(on) increment, the system may use look-up tables to adjustthese increments to accelerate convergence of measured Is signal andreference Iset.

A simplified sliding mode regulator is presented in FIG. 9B. Instead ofan active integrator 14 with reset, a passive R-C filter (resistor) 22and (capacitor) 23 are used. That simplifies the implementation at theexpense of reduced speed of dynamic response of the regulator. Thedigital logic 25 combines the functions described above.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure (FIG. 9, FIG. 9A), theLEDs comparator 16, as soon as it detects the transition of the Iscurrent over reference Iset, sends the signal (high) to the digitallogic 25;

the digital logic 25 starts Iset timer (not shown separately fromdigital logic 25) and keeps power switch 8 off;

power switch 8 is off and Iset timer is counting time T_(t) until LEDcurrent comparator 16 detects I_(s) transition below I_(set) level bysending a signal (low) to the digital logic 25; and

the digital logic stops I_(set) timer, reads its content and divides itby off time to define new Ton time as

$\begin{matrix}{T_{{on}_{i + 1}} = {T_{{on}_{i}} - {{t_{on}\left( {\left( \frac{T_{t}}{T_{off}} \right) - 1} \right)}.}}} & \;\end{matrix}$

We call the described process as asymmetrical hysteretic algorithm ofadjusting on time T_(on), the purpose of which is to improve the dynamicresponse of the regulator and limit the ripple of LED current.Asymmetrical hysteretic algorithms include two LED comparators (notshown) each set slightly apart to form a window for current ripple andotherwise working independently and similar to the above-describedprocess.

FIG. 10 is a sliding mode regulator 6 with the limited maximum on timeT_(on) max or maximum peak current in the inductor. This limit isachieved by adding an I_(p) peak current comparator 19 to the regulator6, described in FIG. 9B. I_(p) comparator is connected with its negativeterminal to I_(p) current sense and it positive terminal to the Ipsetreference. The output of comparator 19 is sampled by the digital logic25 each switching cycle.

The above-presented sliding mode regulator 6 will be stable in thediscontinuous mode of operation. Another embodiment of the presentdisclosure in FIG. 11 is a digital PI or PID regulator capable to driveone or a plurality of LEDs with the continuous current in the switchingconverter FIG. 3. In the embodiment of FIG. 11, average LED current Isis filtered by a passive R-C network 22, 23. An LED current comparator24 is connected with its negative terminal to 24 a (I_(s) current filter22, 23), and with its positive terminal to the output of a rampgenerator 28. A current set comparator 31 is connected to said rampgenerator 28 by its positive terminal. The negative terminal of thecomparator 31 is connected to a set current reference signal I_(set) 31a. Outputs of both comparators 24 and 31 are connected to the digitallogic 26. The digital logic 26 controls a ramp generator 28, whichgenerates a periodical ramp signal 28 b (as shown in FIG. 12) with theminimum ramp signal selected to meet requirements of a maximum negativeerror and maximum ramp signal selected to meet the requirements of amaximum positive error. For example, assuming that at the nominal LEDscurrent I_(s) signal 24 a (as shown in FIG. 12) is 200 mV and maximumnegative and positive errors are 25%, then the ramp signal 28 b can beat least 150 mV to 250 mV. The time base of this ramp signal is definedby a desired resolution. Selecting, for example, a +/−6 bit resolutionwill give us at clock frequency 100 MHZ of the oscillator 30 the basetime 10×2×64=1280 nS or frequency of 78 kHZ, which is about thefrequency of typical LED drivers, meaning that the error generation mayhave at most one cycle delay. The accuracy of the error generation pergiven example will be 50×100/200×64=0.39%. Those skilled in the art maydesign the ramp generator per their specific requirements, usingfundamental guidelines of this specification.

As ramp generator 28 starts the ramp, both comparators 24 and 31 are inthe same state, low or high. Example of FIG. 12 assumes low. At somemoment of the ramp, both comparators 24 and 31 will change the state,going high. We call signals generated by the comparator 24 first and bythe comparator 31 second. Digital logic 26 samples the comparators 24and 31 at every clock of oscillator 30 and reads both first and secondsignals. Whichever signal comes first starts a time counter of an errorgenerator 29. Whichever signal comes last stops the time counter. Thedigital logic 26 assigns a sign to generated error positive if saidfirst signal comes last and negative if said second signal comes last.The digital logic 26 controls the frequency of the ramp generator 28 andgenerates an error signal once per cycle of ramp generator frequency.The implementation of digital error estimation was illustrated usingrelatively simple functional blocks without A/D converters. Thisimplementation does not necessarily need to have the functional blocksdescribed above. Different architectures may be used to make a non DSPdigital error estimation by using the following steps according to theprovided embodiment of the present disclosure:

(a) measuring off time ampseconds of said inductor or directly averageLED current;

(b) generating a periodical ramp signal at a constant frequency,generally smaller than switching frequency of said power converter,wherein said ramp signal is equal, generally at the middle of the rampto LEDs current set reference signal;

(c) comparing once per a cycle of said ramp frequency said ampsecondssignal with said ramp signal and generating a first signal at theinstance when said ramp signal starts exceeding said ampseconds signal;

(d) comparing once per a cycle of said ramp frequency said set referencesignal with said ramp signal and generating a second signal at theinstance when said ramp signal starts exceeding said set referencesignal;

(e) starting an error time counter by said first signal or by saidsecond signal whichever comes first;

(f) stopping said error time counter by said first signal or by saidsecond signal whichever comes last;

(g) reading said error time counter as a digital error and assigning asign to said error positive if said first signal comes last and negativeif said second signal comes last; and

(h) resetting all registers and start new cycle of error estimation.

Digital logic 26 is using the generated error to process it in a digitalPI or PID regulator (not shown separately) with desired stability gainsof proportional and integrated/differential parts. The output of thePI/PID regulator may generate in digital form either on time Ton forkeeping the switch 8 closed (FIG. 11A), or an Ipset level, which isshown in FIG. 11. A D/A converter 27 translates digital form of Ipsetinto analog which is used by comparator 19 and buffer 20 to drive theswitch 8 by regulating its peak current. A PI/PID regulator insidedigital logic can be designed with compensation to comply withcontinuous current performance at any duty cycle with practical limitsfrom 0 to 1.

The design of such compensation can be a routine task. The PIDcontroller has the transfer function:

${{Gc}(s)} = {K_{1} + \frac{K_{2}}{s} + {K_{3}s}}$

where:

-   -   s=complex variable of Laplace transform,    -   Gc(s)=compensator,    -   K₁=proportional gain coefficient,    -   K₂=differential coefficient, and    -   K₃=Integral coefficient.        The PID controller has a robust performance and a simplicity        that allows for digital implementation to be very straight        forward.        The Z domain transfer function of a PID controller is:

${{Gc}(z)} = {K_{1} + \frac{K_{2}{Tz}}{\left( {z - 1} \right)} + {K_{3}\frac{\left( {z - 1} \right)}{Tz}}}$

where:

-   -   z=complex variable of Z transform,    -   Gc(z)=compensator,    -   K₁=proportional gain coefficient,    -   K₂=differential coefficient, and    -   K₃=integral coefficient.        The differential equation algorithm that provides a PID        controller is obtained by adding three terms

u(k)=[K ₁ +K ₂ T+(K ₃ /T)]x(k)+K ₃ Tx(k−1)+K ₂ u(k−1)

where:

-   -   u(k)=the control variable, this signal is used to add or        subtract to control pulse,    -   x(k)=current error sample,    -   x(k−1)=previous error sample,    -   T=sampling period,    -   K₁=proportional Gain coefficient,    -   K₂=differential coefficient, and    -   K₃=integral coefficient.        This is a useful control function to create a PI or PID        controller simply by setting the appropriate gain to zero. The        ramp function will determine a digital value that will serve as        the x(k) value in a given control loop. By adjusting gain and        delay, precise digital control can be obtained over a variety of        systems.

The system 1 for driving LED in FIG. 13 includes a protection circuitagainst a short circuit of a single or multiple LEDs, according toanother embodiment of the disclosure. The protection circuit comprises acomparator 32, connected to the input 37 and output 38 voltages of thesystem 1, an AND gate 33, having signals from the regulator 6 andcomparator 32, a buffer 34 and a switch 35. At the start of the system1, input voltage 37 is higher than the output 38, and comparator 32 islow, keeping switch 35 open. When the output capacitor 36 is chargedabove the input voltage 37, the comparator 32 changes its output tohigh. Assuming that the enable signal from the regulator 6 is also high,the buffer 34 will keep the switch 35 closed until a short circuit onthe output discharges the output voltage 38 below the input voltage 37.The comparator 32 output goes low, opens the switch 35 and disconnectsbattery 2 from discharging into low impedance.

The protection circuit 32-38 provides adequate current protection to theinput battery of the system, however it may overstress the isolationswitch 35 at the time capacitor 36 is discharging into low impedance.The circuit in FIG. 14 has an additional comparator 39 to detect theoverload or short circuit. At short circuit or overload the comparator39 instantly goes high (a small filter against noise is not shown). Theoutput signal of the comparator 39 goes to the regulator 6 which in turnshuts down the converter 3 and switches its enable signal at the ANDgate 33 from high to low, opening the switch 35. The regulator 6 may bedesigned with a few options:

-   -   to latch off the system until it is recycled by input voltage;    -   automatically restart the system after a specific delay of time;        and    -   toggle the switch 35 off and on until the output capacitor 36 is        discharged (in this case the comparator 32 will prevent the        discharging the battery into a small impedance if abnormal        situations at the output persists).

Open circuits are one of the common failures of an LED. At this failurean overvoltage is developing very quickly, potentially dangerous to allcomponents of the system. FIG. 14 illustrates another embodiment of thedisclosure related to overvoltage protection. If output voltage goeshigher than breakdown voltage of a zener diode 41, the excessive voltageappears on the sense terminal of the comparator 39, changing its stateto high and triggering protection functions described above.

If regulator 6 gets a signal from the application system to shut downthe system 1, it is an advantage of such a system to isolate the battery2 from driving circuits to save its power. It is a function of anotherembodiment of the disclosure implemented by a signal of regulator 6 atthe AND gate 33. When the signal from the regulator 6 goes low, theswitch 35 is open and the battery 2 is disconnected from drivingcircuits and load.

FIG. 15 illustrates a block diagram of R-G-B LEDs connected in threestrings 43, 44, 47 with each string having an independent currentregulator 45, 46, 48. Such connections of LEDs are typical practice incolor mixing systems. In this case it is desirable that the powerconverter 3 is configured to drive one or multiple strings of LEDs withthe regulated voltage source with a feedback signal V_(s) from voltagesensor 11, 12. We described above the method and system for driving asingle or a plurality of LEDs, regulating average current through LEDs.All referenced embodiments of the disclosure were illustrated by usingcurrent as a variable system parameter to regulate. By a principle ofduality of electrical circuits controlling current through components,connected in series and voltage across components connected in parallel,we can use similar systems and methods to drive one or multiple stringsof LEDs by controlling voltage across strings of LEDs with somespecifics of voltage regulation. For example, in case of voltageregulation, the integrator 14 (FIG. 5) will measure LEDs 43, 44, 47voltseconds (FIG. 15) by integrating the output voltage for a length ofthe cycle T and the comparator 16 will have voltage set signal at thenegative terminal. All other arrangements of the system will remain thesame as described above. Thus, in another embodiment of the disclosurethe proposed system will work as a voltage boost or buck-boost converterif input of the regulator 6 is switched to the voltage feedback V_(s).V_(s) is connected to a resistive divider 11, 12. Signal V_(s) may alsorepresent an output of a light sensing device, then the driver willcontrol light brightness rather than the LED average voltage.

Although the present disclosure has been described above with respect toseveral embodiments, various modifications can be made within the scopeof disclosure. The various circuits described in FIGURES. 5, 8, 9, 9B,10, 11, and 13-15 are merely representative, and the circuitry andmodules may be implemented in various manners using varioustechnologies, digital or analog. Accordingly, the disclosure of thepresent disclosure is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, ofthe scope of the claimed subject matter.

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property orprivilege is claimed are defined as follows:
 1. A system for providingpower to one or more light emitting diodes, the system comprising: apower converter comprising a power switch, wherein the power converteris couplable to the one or more light emitting diodes, and wherein thepower converter is configured to operate in a discontinuous current modehaving a dual phase cycle comprising an on phase when the switch isclosed and an off phase when the switch is open; an input current sensorconfigured to sense a current level through the power switch; at leastone of an output voltage sensor or a output current sensor, wherein theoutput voltage sensor is configured to sense an output voltage level ofa voltage drop across the one or more light emitting diodes and theoutput current sensor is configured to sense an output current level ofa current flowing through the one or more light emitting diodes; and aregulator coupled to the power converter, the input current sensor, andthe at least one of the output voltage sensor or the output currentsensor, wherein the regulator is configured to: determine at least oneof an integrated output voltage level or an integrated output currentlevel during a switching period; compare the determined integratedoutput voltage level or the determined integrated output current levelto a reference signal; and determine a next cycle on-phase time based onthe comparison.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the regulator isconfigured to determine the next cycle on-phase time by incrementing acurrent cycle on-phase time by a first time amount if the determinedintegrated output voltage level or the determined integrated outputcurrent level is less than the reference signal.
 3. The system of claim2, wherein the first time amount comprises a predetermined time amount.4. The system of claim 1, wherein the regulator is configured todetermine the next cycle on-phase time by decrementing a current cycleon-phase time by a second time amount if the determined integratedoutput voltage level or the determined integrated output current levelis greater than the reference signal.
 5. The system of claim 1, whereinthe power converter comprises an inductor and the input current sensoris further configured to sense a current level through the inductor andthe power switch.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the regulator isfurther configured to determine a cycle on-phase time for the dual phasecycle prior to determining the next cycle on-phase time.
 7. The systemof claim 1, wherein the regulator is further configured to maintain asubstantially fixed minimum cycle on-phase time until the determinedintegrated output voltage level or the determined integrated outputcurrent level exceeds the reference signal.
 8. The system of claim 1,wherein the regulator is further configured to determine the next cycleon-phase time by incrementing a current cycle on-phase time by amultiple of a predetermined amount, up to a maximum cycle on-phase timeif the determined integrated output voltage level or the determinedintegrated output current level has been less than the reference signalfor a predetermined number of cycles.
 9. The system of claim 1, whereinthe regulator further comprises an integrator with a reset coupled tothe at least one of the output current sensor or the output voltagesensor, the integrator being configured to generate the integratedoutput current level or the integrated output voltage level,respectively.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the regulator furthercomprises a first comparator configured to compare the determinedintegrated output current level or the determined integrated outputvoltage level to the reference signal, wherein the reference signalcomprises a reference current level or a reference voltage level,respectively.
 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a thirdsensor configured to sense performance of the one or more light emittingdiodes and provide a feedback signal to the regulator, wherein the thirdsensor comprises at least one of an electrical sensor, a thermal sensor,or an optical sensor.
 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising: anoptical sensor coupled to the regulator; wherein the regulator isfurther configured to determine the next cycle on-phase time byincrementing or decrementing a current cycle on-phase time by a thirdamount determined as a difference between a reference level and anelectrical signal from the optical sensor.
 13. The system of claim 12,further comprising: a thermal sensor coupled to the regulator, whereinthe thermal sensor is configured to sense a temperature; wherein theregulator is further configured to adjust the reference signal inresponse to the sensed temperature to compensate for a brightness changeof the one or more light emitting diodes.
 14. The system of claim 1,further comprising: a temperature protection circuit configured to turnoff the power switch when a sensed temperature is higher than a firstfixed threshold, and enable operation of the power switch when thesensed temperature is lower than a second fixed threshold, wherein thesecond fixed threshold is lower than the first fixed threshold.
 15. Thesystem of claim 1, further comprising: an ambient optical photosensorconfigured to adjust the reference signal proportionally to ambientlight conditions to regulate a brightness of the one or more lightemitting diodes.
 16. An apparatus for providing power to one or morelight emitting diodes, the apparatus comprising: means for determiningat least one of an output voltage level of a voltage drop across the oneor more light emitting diodes or an output current level of a currentthrough one or more light emitting diodes; means for determining atleast one of an integrated output voltage level and an integrated outputcurrent level; means for comparing the determined integrated outputvoltage level or the determined integrated output current level to areference signal; and means for determining a next cycle on-phase timebased on the comparison.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, furthercomprising: means for optical sensing; and means for determining thenext cycle on-phase time by incrementing or decrementing a current cycleon-phase time by an amount determined as a difference between thereference level and an electrical signal from the means for opticalsensing.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: means forsensing a temperature; and means for adjusting the reference signal inresponse to the sensed temperature to compensate for a brightness changeof the one or more light emitting diodes.
 19. The apparatus of claim 16,further comprising: means for disabling a power switch coupled to theapparatus when a sensed temperature is higher than a first fixedthreshold; and means for enabling the power switch when the sensedtemperature is lower than a second fixed threshold, wherein the secondfixed threshold is lower than the first fixed threshold.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 16, further comprising means for sensing a currentlevel through a power switch and an inductor coupled to the one or morelight emitting diodes.